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References & Citations

Key academic works that inform the models and methods in ElectoralSim.

Voting Behavior

Spatial / Proximity Voting

  • Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. Harper & Row.
  • Enelow, J. M., & Hinich, M. J. (1984). The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.

Valence Model

  • Stokes, D. E. (1963). "Spatial Models of Party Competition." American Political Science Review, 57(2), 368–377.

Retrospective / Economic Voting

  • Fiorina, M. P. (1981). Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. Yale University Press.
  • Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Stegmaier, M. (2000). "Economic Determinants of Electoral Outcomes." Annual Review of Political Science, 3, 183–219.

Strategic / Tactical Voting

  • Cox, G. W. (1997). Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems. Cambridge University Press.
  • Duverger, M. (1954). Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. Methuen.

Sociotropic / Pocketbook Voting

  • Kinder, D. R., & Kiewiet, D. R. (1981). "Sociotropic Politics: The American Case." British Journal of Political Science, 11(2), 129–161.

Electoral Systems

D'Hondt / Sainte-Laguë Allocation

  • Balinski, M. L., & Young, H. P. (2001). Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote (2nd ed.). Brookings Institution Press.
  • Gallagher, M. (1991). "Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems." Electoral Studies, 10(1), 33–51.

STV / IRV

  • Tideman, N. (2006). Collective Decisions and Voting: The Potential for Public Choice. Ashgate.
  • Farrell, D. M. (2011). Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.

Gallagher Index

  • Gallagher, M. (1991). "Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems." Electoral Studies, 10(1), 33–51.

Effective Number of Parties

  • Laakso, M., & Taagepera, R. (1979). "Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe." Comparative Political Studies, 12(1), 3–27.

VSE (Voter Satisfaction Efficiency)

  • Quinn, J. (2017). "Voting System Efficiency." Working paper.

Coalition Formation

MWC / MCW

  • Riker, W. H. (1962). The Theory of Political Coalitions. Yale University Press.
  • Axelrod, R. (1970). Conflict of Interest: A Theory of Divergent Goals with Applications to Politics. Markham.

Laver-Shepsle Portfolio Allocation

  • Laver, M., & Shepsle, K. A. (1996). Making and Breaking Governments: Cabinets and Legislatures in Parliamentary Democracies. Cambridge University Press.

Coalition Strain

  • Warwick, P. V. (1994). Government Survival in Parliamentary Democracies. Cambridge University Press.

Government Stability

Collapse Models

  • King, G., Alt, J. E., Burns, N. E., & Laver, M. (1990). "A Unified Model of Cabinet Dissolution in Parliamentary Democracies." American Journal of Political Science, 34(3), 846–871.
  • Diermeier, D., & Stevenson, R. T. (1999). "Cabinet Survival and Competing Risks." American Journal of Political Science, 43(4), 1051–1068.

Cox Proportional Hazard

  • Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., & Jones, B. S. (2004). Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists. Cambridge University Press.

Opinion Dynamics

Voter Model

  • Holley, R. A., & Liggett, T. M. (1975). "Ergodic Theorems for Weakly Interacting Infinite Systems and the Voter Model." Annals of Probability, 3(4), 643–663.

Bounded Confidence

  • Hegselmann, R., & Krause, U. (2002). "Opinion Dynamics and Bounded Confidence: Models, Analysis and Simulation." Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 5(3).

Network Topologies

  • Barabási, A.-L., & Albert, R. (1999). "Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks." Science, 286(5439), 509–512.
  • Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998). "Collective Dynamics of 'Small-World' Networks." Nature, 393(6684), 440–442.

Voter Psychology

Big Five (OCEAN)

  • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). "Personality Trait Structure as a Human Universal." American Psychologist, 52(5), 509–516.
  • Gerber, A. S., Huber, G. A., Doherty, D., Dowling, C. M., & Ha, S. E. (2010). "Personality and Political Attitudes: Relationships across Issue Domains and Political Contexts." American Political Science Review, 104(1), 111–133.

Moral Foundations

  • Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Vintage.
  • Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). "Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–1046.

Political Psychology

Affective Polarization

  • Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). "Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization." Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–431.

Media & Misinformation

  • Raducha, T., & Gubiec, T. (2017). "Coevolving Nonlinear Voter Model with External Propaganda." arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.06156.
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). "Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policymaking." Council of Europe Report.

Indian Electoral Politics

Electoral Systems & India

  • Mitra, A. (2023). "Electoral Systems and Representation in India." (Adway Mitra's paper — see TODO for full citation)
  • Sridharan, E. (2014). "India's Watershed Vote: Behind the Congress Debacle." Journal of Democracy, 25(4).

Regional Parties

  • Chandra, K. (2004). Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge University Press.
  • Yadav, Y., & Palshikar, S. (2009). "Between Fortuna and Virtu: Explaining the Congress' Ambiguous Victory in 2009." Economic and Political Weekly, 44(39), 33–46.

European Union

  • Hix, S. (2005). The Political System of the European Union (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hix, S., Noury, A., & Roland, G. (2007). Democratic Politics in the European Parliament. Cambridge University Press.